Is it possible your router has 2.4g and 5g? You could try connecting to whichever one you're not currently on. That is my only guess but there is not a lot to go on in the post. Also I highly doubt the dual boot is relevant here if you were considering that. I'm not that familiar with MX, but you could try booting to a Debian live image to see if it works better there.

I am not an expert and just cobbled this together based on a couple of searches but my guess would be that the adapter is supported by your current kernel drivers but not as well as whatever drivers Windows 10 was able to fetch. It looks to me like MX uses Debian Stable sources, so you may be able to update your kernel beyond what is normally available and see if that helps. If that doesn't work, based on this post and this post on the TP-Link forums, there's a github repo that you may be able to install a better driver from. To my eyes there's fairly good instructions there, including the potential need to disable the driver you're already using in favor of the new one once you build it.

i had something similar on my kubuntu/win7 dual-boot.

iirc i fixed it by disabling the powersave of my wifi-adapter.

don't remember the exact command at the moment though. 🤔