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The French word for apple is pomme.
The German word for apple is Apfel.
The French word for Germany is Allemagne.
The German word for Germany is Deutschland.
Asking why all languages don't call Germany "Deutschland" is the same as asking why all languages don't call apples "Apfel".
Even within the same language, pronunciation changes by regional accent. Which region has the correct accent and which regions are kids taught to pronounce things incorrectly? Languages also change over time. The grammatical rules of English now aren't the same as they were 100 years ago. Is English more correct now or less correct?
Language is more like music than it is math.
But I wouldn't call someone named Frieda as Catherine. The disconnect for me comes when involving proper nouns. I understand on a historical level roughly how these came to be, but common decency tells me that I should call a proper noun by its proper name, but that isnt really true.
I work with French people who call me Jos instead of Joe. My girlfriend calls me 周 (Zhou) when we text each other. I'm fine with all of them as they all map to the same conceptual name.
My name isn't how it's spelled, it's the concept of "Joe". As long as they are calling me the thing that maps to that name, I'm happy. Their brain has its own mapping between language and concepts which is distinct from mine.
That is actually kinda neat and fun :)
But you would call Alexander or Alexandra "Sasha" or even "Shura" in some Slavic languages. And you call Robert "Bob" in the US.
On the same topic, are "Alexander", "Aleksandr" and "Oleksandr" the same name or not? What about "John" and "Ivan"?
There are a few more names for Germany, usually chosen for the German tribe closest to the neighbouring country.
Alemannen, Germanen, Deutsche (Tiutsch in old German, which became Tyskland) and so on.
Okay the question should be why do countries have to do this and why is it so hard not to?
How would you prevent it? Spanish has an international committee who's job is to define correct Spanish and they haven't be able to do anything about regional accents. France has a similar thing for French (AFAIK Quebec isn't part of it), and they often end up failing in their fight to keep french pure.
Quebec has its own language authority which I believe does have some coordination with the one in France. Quebecois French diverged from France hundreds of years ago though and so uses different phrases and words that sound weird to French people and vice versa.
Sometimes languages have sounds that are hard to pronounce in other languages.
Also sometimes we came up with a name for a place based on imperfect information and the name caught on and stuck before we learned there was a better name we could be using.
How else would they do it? Check with other countries before evolving a word?
Ukraine had a "Kyiv not Kiev" campaign, which is more or less a request to do exactly what the post is asking about, call a place by how it sounds in its native language. But I am fairly certain it is still Kiev, Kiyev, and a variation of that in many other places, and the country is still called Ukraine in English, and not Ukraïna.
No, I meant with what word the country wants to be referred as. Then, use those words as in Türkiye in America. Of course it was out of respect and agreement but it is a fantastic idea and it is just about the names. And countries might be left not changed because they don't care or it is too hard to pronounce. But there could be a teaching of pronunciation rather than spelling.
See, that's the thing, most countries don't care. If they did, they'd request the international community refer to them as something else. But they don't, so they don't. This is a non-issue.