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Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).
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You got me curious, so I looked it up.
This isn't a "let me google that for you", it's an "I'm joining you on this journey".
https://develop.kde.org/docs/apps/dolphin/service-menus/
(KDE)
Looks like you drop a .desktop file into ~/.local/share/kio/servicemenus.
Name the file extensions, write your Exec= line, fill in a couple other details like what icon to use and what it should be called in the right-click menu, save it, and you're done.
I imagine it's similar in xfce.
Looks like Thunar has a "Custom Actions" feature under the Edit menu where you can get the same result.
Step 1) Install a file manager...
Are you using GNOME or KDE? I know those can definitely utilize shell scripts from the right click menu. I'd recommend grabbing FFMPEG (probably already have it) and SOX. You are going to need to create a pretty basic shell script that extract the audio as a wav using FFMPEG, changing the speed with SOX (you can use FFMPEG but I find the audio warping dog shit), then FFMPEG to convert to mp3. For both GNOME and KDE the context menu shortcuts typically only pass the path to file you have selected as an argument. So you'll need to create a script for each speed. Honestly, it's not gonna be easy. You might find something in the Dolphin (kde filemanager) settings that will enable some basic context menu scripts for converting video to mp3. If this is too intimidating then I would check github for an FFMPEG wrapper. It's the a/v swiss army knife in linux.
Which file browser are you using?